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1.
Rev. epidemiol. controle infecç ; 13(3): 130-136, jul.-set. 2023. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1531862

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives: colonization by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients is considered a risk factor for infections, and poses as a source of spreading these strains in hospital facilities. This study aimed to perform the genetic characterization of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from surveillance swabs in an ICU in northeastern Brazil. Methods: the isolates were recovered between 2018-2019 from the nasal, axillary, and rectal sites of 24 patients admitted to the ICU. Bacterial identification was performed by traditional biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disk diffusion, and ESBL phenotype was detected by double-disc synergy test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes, PFGE, and MLST were carried out in representative isolates. Results: a total of 27 isolates were recovered from 18 patients (75%). The ESBL production was detected in 85% of isolates. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and most of the ß-lactams tested was recurrent, except for carbapenems. The blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M genes were found in high frequency, and the CTX-M-(1, 2 and 9) groups were identified. Seven sequence types (ST11, ST14, ST17, ST395, ST709, ST855, and ST3827) were described, most of them considered high-risk. Conclusion: these findings emphasize the potential threat of well-established high-risk clones in an ICU, and highlight the importance of monitoring these clones to prevent infections.(AU)


Justificativa e objetivos: a colonização por Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de ß-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) em pacientes de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) é considerada um fator de risco para infecções, e representa uma fonte de disseminação dessas cepas em instalações hospitalares. Este estudo objetivou realizar a caracterização genética de isolados de K. pneumoniae produtores de ESBL recuperados de swabs de vigilância em uma UTI no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: os isolados foram recuperados entre 2018-2019 dos sítios nasal, axilar e retal de 24 pacientes internados na UTI. A identificação bacteriana foi realizada por testes bioquímicos tradicionais. A suscetibilidade antimicrobiana foi avaliada por disco-difusão, e o fenótipo ESBL foi detectado pelo teste de sinergia de duplo-disco. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) para os genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV e blaTEM, PFGE e MLST foram realizados em isolados representativos. Resultados: foram recuperados 27 isolados de 18 pacientes (75%). A produção de ESBL foi detectada em 85% dos isolados. A resistência à ciprofloxacina, sulfametoxazol/trimetoprima e à maioria dos ß-lactâmicos testados foi recorrente, exceto para os carbapenêmicos. Os genes blaSHV, blaTEM e blaCTX-M foram encontrados em alta frequência, e os grupos CTX-M-(1, 2 e 9) foram identificados. Sete sequence types (ST11, ST14, ST17, ST395, ST709, ST855 e ST3827) foram descritos, a maioria deles considerados de alto risco. Conclusão: esses achados enfatizam a ameaça potencial de clones de alto risco bem estabelecidos em uma UTI, e destacam a importância do monitoramento desses clones para prevenir infecções.(AU)


Justificación y objetivos: la colonización por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en pacientes de Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) se considera un factor de riesgo para infecciones, y se presenta como una fuente de propagación de estas cepas en instalaciones hospitalarias. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar la caracterización genética de aislamientos de K. pneumoniae productores de BLEE recuperados de hisopos de vigilancia en una UCI en el noreste de Brasil. Métodos: los aislamientos se recuperaron entre 2018-2019 de sitios nasales, axilares y rectales de 24 pacientes ingresados en la UCI. La identificación bacteriana se realizó mediante pruebas bioquímicas tradicionales. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se evaluó mediante difusión en disco, y el fenotipo BLEE se detectó mediante la prueba de sinergia de doble-disco. La polymerase chain reaction (PCR) para los genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV y blaTEM, PFGE y MLST se llevaron a cabo en aislamientos representativos. Resultados: se recuperaron 27 aislamientos de 18 pacientes (75%). La producción de ESBL se detectó en 85% de los aislamientos. La resistencia a ciprofloxacino, sulfametoxazol/trimetoprima y a la mayoría de los ß-lactámicos evaluados fue recurrente, excepto a los carbapenémicos. Los genes blaSHV, blaTEM y blaCTX-M se encontraron en alta frecuencia, y se identificaron los grupos CTX-M-(1, 2 y 9). Se describieron siete sequence types (ST11, ST14, ST17, ST395, ST709, ST855 y ST3827), la mayoría consideradas de alto riesgo. Conclusión: estos hallazgos enfatizan la amenaza potencial de los clones de alto riesgo bien establecidos en una UCI, y resaltan la importancia de monitorear estos clones para prevenir infecciones.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , beta-Lactamases , Clone Cells , Intensive Care Units , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Drug Resistance , Cross Infection/prevention & control
2.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 43(3): 374-384, sept. 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1533948

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Salmonella spp. es un agente patógeno zoonótico transmitido al humano por el agua o los alimentos contaminados. La presencia de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido es un creciente problema para la salud pública debido a que estas enzimas confieren resistencia contra las cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación. Objetivo. Caracterizar las ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido en aislamientos de Salmonella spp. recibidos por el programa de vigilancia de enfermedad diarreica aguda o enfermedad transmitida por alimentos del Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materiales y métodos. Entre enero de 1997 y junio de 2022, se recibieron 444 aislamientos de Salmonella spp. resistentes, por lo menos, a una de las cefalosporinas de tercera generación. El fenotipo de las ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido se identificó con la prueba de doble disco. El ADN se extrajo por ebullición y mediante PCR se amplificaron los genes bla CTX-M, bla SHVy : ' a ILM. Resultados. Todos los aislamientos fueron positivos para la prueba de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido. Los resultados de la amplificación por PCR fueron: bla CTX-M + bla TLM (n=200), bla CTX-M (n=177), bla SHV(n=16), bla SHV + bla CTX-M (n=6), bla TLM (n=13) y bla SHV + bla CTX-M + bla TLM (n=3). Del total, 26 aislamientos fueron negativos para los genes evaluados. Los aislamientos positivos para ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido se identificaron en Bogotá y en 21 departamentos: Chocó, Magdalena, Meta, Bolívar, Casanare, Cesar, Córdoba, Quindío, Atlántico, Tolima, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Boyacá, Caldas, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Antioquia, Nariño, Santander y Valle del Cauca. Conclusión. La resistencia a las cefalosporinas de tercera generación en aislamientos de Salmonella spp. fue generada principalmente por bla CTX-M. El 44 % (197/444) de los aislamientos presentó resistencia a ampicilina, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol y trimetoprim- sulfametoxazol Los serotipos portadores de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido más frecuentes fueron S. Typhimurium y S. Infantis.


Introduction. Salmonella spp. is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted to humans through contaminated water or food. The presence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases is a growing public health problem because these enzymes are resistant to third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Objective. To characterize extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in Salmonella spp. isolates received by the acute diarrheal disease/foodborne disease surveillance program of the Grupo de Microbiología of the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materials and methods. A total of 444 Salmonella spp. isolates, resistant to at least one of the cephalosporins, were obtained between January 1997 and June 2022. The extended- spectrum ß-lactamases phenotype was identified by the double disk test. DNA extraction was carried out by the boiling method, and the bla CTX-M, bla SHV, and bla TLM genes were amplified by PCR. Results. All the isolates were positive for the extended-spectrum ß-lactamases test. The genes identified were: bla CTX-M + ba TLM (n=200), bla CTX-M (n=177), bla SHV(n=16), bla SHV + bla CTX-M (n=6), bla TLM (n=13) and bla SHV + bla CTX-M + bla TLM (n=3). Twenty-six isolates were negative for the evaluated genes. Positive extended-spectrum ß-lactamases isolates were identified in Bogotá and 21 departments: Chocó, Magdalena, Meta, Bolívar, Casanare, Cesar, Córdoba, Quindío, Atlántico, Tolima, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Boyacá, Caldas, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Antioquia, Nariño, Santander y Valle del Cauca. Conclusion. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins in Salmonella spp. isolates was mainly caused by bla CTX-M. Isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (44 %; 197/444). The most frequent extended-spectrum ß-lactamases-expressing serotypes were Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis.


Subject(s)
Salmonella , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , beta-Lactamases
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(2): 466-470, abr. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1440328

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The appearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with multi-resistance to antibiotics is a clinical problem of great relevance. The methods for detecting these resistances are laborious and slow, which is a complication when treating patients promptly. In this work, we developed a simple method for simultaneous detection of several carbapenem resistance genes using a multiplex PCR assay. The PCR assay developed, followed by electrophoretic separation of fragments, allows to simultaneously identify the presence of 6 antibiotic resistance genes: bla-VIM (261 bp), bla-IMP (587 bp), bla-SPM (648 bp), bla-GIM-1 (753 bp), bla-NDM-1 (813 bp) and bla-KPC (882 bp). We analyzed 7 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained in Chile, finding the resistance genes bla-VIM, bla-IMP, bla-SPM, bla-GIM, and bla-NDM in 5 of them. We found a perfect correlation between the detection of various resistance genes by PCR and the results obtained by antibiograms. Interestingly, 2 of the strains possessed 3 different resistance genes simultaneously. Finally, in this work, we found the presence of 3 genes never described before in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Chile (bla-IMP, bla-SPM, and bla-GIM-1). We developed a rapid multiplex PCR test for the simultaneous detection of up to 6 antibiotic resistance genes of the metallo-β-lactamase family in P. aeruginosa.


La aparición de cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa con resistencias a diversos antibióticos es un problema clínico de gran relevancia. Los métodos de detección de dichas resistencias son laboriosos y lentos, lo que genera una complicación al momento de tratar a los pacientes oportunamente. En este trabajo desarrollamos un método simple de detección simultánea de varios genes de resistencia a carbapenem, mediante un sistema de PCR múltiple. El ensayo de PCR desarrollado, seguido de una separación electroforética de los amplicones, permite distinguir simultáneamente la presencia de 6 genes de resistencia a antibióticos: bla-VIM (261 pb), bla-IMP (587 pb), bla-SPM (648 pb), bla-GIM-1 (753 pb), bla-NDM-1 (813 pb) y bla-KPC (882 pb). Analizamos 7 aislados clínicos obtenidos en Chile, encontrando en 5 de ellos los genes de resistencia bla-VIM, bla-IMP, bla-SPM, bla-GIM y bla-NDM. Encontramos una perfecta correlación entre la detección de diversos genes de resistencia y los resultados obtenidos mediante antibiogramas. Interesantemente, 2 de las cepas mostraron poseer simultáneamente 3 genes de resistencia distintos. Por último, en este trabajo encontramos la presencia de 3 genes nunca antes descritos en aislados clínicos de P. aeruginosa en Chile (bla-IMP, bla-SPM y bla-GIM-1). Hemos desarrollado un test rápido de PCR múltiple, para la detección simultánea de hasta 6 genes de resistencia a antibióticos de la familia.a de las metallo-b-lactamases en P. aeruginosa.


Subject(s)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzymology , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
4.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 121(1): e202102448, feb. 2023.
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1413275

ABSTRACT

Se describe una presentación clínica inusual de infección por Aeromonas complejo hydrophila y se destaca la importancia del correcto diagnóstico microbiológico para adecuar el tratamiento. Paciente de 6 años consultó por fiebre y drenaje de líquido serohemático de herida quirúrgica por antecedente de craneotomía con duroplastia la semana previa. Laboratorio con parámetros normales y tomografía computada sin cambios relevantes. Punción lumbar: leucocitos 91/mm3, proteínas 89 mg/dl, glucosa 36 mg/dl. Comenzó tratamiento con vancomicina y ceftazidima. Cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo: bacilo gramnegativo, oxidasa positivo, fermentador de glucosa. Se rotó a meropenem. A las 72 horas, se informó, por método difusión y Vitek2, Aeromonas complejo hydrophila: sensible a trimetoprimasulfametoxazol, ciprofloxacina, cefotaxima y meropenem. Se realizó método Blue Carba para detección de carbapenemasas con resultado positivo. Se rotó a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. Completó 21 días de tratamiento con evolución clínica favorable


Here we describe an unusual clinical presentation of infection due to Aeromonas hydrophila and underline the importance of a correct microbiological diagnosis for an adequate treatment. A 6-year-old patient with a history of craniotomy with duraplasty the week before consulted for fever and drainage of serosanguineous fluid from the surgical wound. The laboratory parameters were normal and the computed tomography scan showed no relevant changes. Lumbar puncture: leukocytes: 91/mm3; proteins: 89 mg/dL; glucose: 36 mg/dL. Treatment with vancomycin and ceftazidime was started. Cerebrospinal fluid culture: oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacillus. Treatment was changed to meropenem. At 72 hours, using a diffusion method and Vitek 2, it was reported as Aeromonas hydrophila sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and meropenem. The Blue-Carba method was performed to detect carbapenemases; the result was positive. Treatment was changed to trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. The patient completed 21 days of treatment with a favorable clinical course.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Aeromonas hydrophila , Meningitis , beta-Lactamases , Meropenem , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
5.
Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine ; (12): 877-884, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-985490

ABSTRACT

Objective: Analysis and investigation of pathogenic characteristics of polymyxin-and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (PR-CRKP). Methods: A total of 23 PR-CRKP strains isolated from clinical specimens from the General Hospital of Southern Theater Command from March 2019 to July 2021 were retrospectively collected, Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 23 PR-CRKP strains, resistance genes were identified by comparison of the CARD and the ResFinder database, high-resolution typing of PR-CRKP strains was analyzed by core genomic multilocus sequencing (cgMLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); polymyxin resistance genes were determined by PCR and sequencing. Results: All PR-CRKP strains were KPC-2 producing ST11 types. cgMLST results showed that the evolutionary distance between the PR-CRKP strains and Klebsiella pneumoniae in mainland China was 66.44 on average, which is more closely related than foreign strains; the 23 PR-CRKP strains were divided into 3 main subclusters based on SNP phylogenetic trees, with some aggregation among Clade 2-1 in the isolation department and date. The two-component negative regulatory gene mgrB has seven mutation types including point mutations, different insertion fragments and different insertion positions. Conclusion: The close affinity of PR-CRKP strains indicate the possibility of nosocomial clonal transmission and the need to strengthen surveillance of PR-CRKP strains to prevent epidemic transmission of PR-CRKP.


Subject(s)
Humans , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Polymyxins/pharmacology , beta-Lactamases , Phylogeny , Retrospective Studies , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
6.
Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine ; (12): 416-421, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-969904

ABSTRACT

To explore the clinical distribution and drug resistance characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of CRKP infection. Retrospective analysis was performed on 510 clinical isolates of CRKP from January 2017 to December 2021, and strain identification and drug sensitivity tests were conducted by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer and VITEK-2 Compact microbial drug sensitivity analyzer. The carbapenemase phenotype of CRKP strain was detected by carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test. The CRKP strain was further categorized by immunochromogenic method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for gene detection. The results showed that 302 strains (59.2%) were derived from sputum, 127 strains (24.9%) from urine and 47 strains (9.2%) from blood. 231 (45.3%) were mainly distributed in intensive care, followed by 108 (21.2%) in respiratory medicine and 79 (15.5%) in neurosurgery. Drug susceptibility test result shows that the resistant rate of tigecycline increased from 1.0% in 2017 to 10.1% in 2021, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=14.444,P<0.05). The results of carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test showed that 461 carbapenemase strains (90.4%) of 510 CRKP strains, including 450 serinase strains (88.2%), 9 metalloenzyme strains (1.8%), and 2 strains (0.4%) produced both serine and metalloenzyme. 49 strains (9.6%) did not produce enzymes. Further typing by immunochromogenic assay showed that 461 CRKP strains were KPC 450 (97.6%) and IMP 2 (0.4%). 7 NDM (1.5%); 2 strains of KPC+NDM (0.4%); PCR results were as follows: 450 strains of blaKPC (97.6%), 2 strains of blaIMP (0.4%), 7 strains of blaNDM (1.5%), and 2 strains of blaKPC+NDM (0.4%). In conclusion, CRKP strains mainly originated from sputum specimens and distributed in intensive care department, and the drug resistance characteristics were mainly KPC type in carbapenemase production. Clinical microbiology laboratory should strengthen the monitoring of CRKP strains, so as to provide reference for preventing CRKP infection and reducing the production of bacterial drug resistance.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Hospital Distribution Systems , Retrospective Studies , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
7.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 39(4): [456-462], oct. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1424346

ABSTRACT

La colonización fecal en lactantes por bacterias resistentes a los antimicrobianos es un potencial riesgo para futuras terapias antibióticas. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia y características sociodemográficas de lactantes portadores fecales de enterobacterias resistentes a ciprofloxacina (PFRC) y sus genes de resistencia asociados. Analizamos muestras fecales de 41 niños lactantes residentes en el distrito de Talara-Piura, Perú, en 2019. Evaluamos la presencia de 3 genes de resistencia a quinolonas: aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB y oqxA y 2 de betalactamasas: bla CTX-M, bla PER-2.El 68% de lactantes fueron PFRC, Escherichia coli (83,3%) fue el más frecuente. El análisis genotípico detectó: oqxA (41,1%), qnrB (26,7%) y aac(6')-Ib-cr (20%) y al gen bla CTX-M en el 93,3% de los aislados con betalactamasas. La elevada frecuencia de PFRC nos alertan sobre el potencial riesgo en la pérdida de utilidad de esta familia antibiótica en el área de estudio.


Fecal colonization by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in infants is a potential risk for future antibiotic therapy. We aimed to determine the sociodemographic characteristics and frequency of infants who were fecal carriers of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae (FCCRE) and their associated resistance genes. We analyzed fecal samples from 41 infants from the district of Talara, Piura, Peru in 2019. The presence of 3 quinolone resistance genes was evaluated: aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB and oqxA as well as of 2 beta-lactamase genes: bla CTX-M,bla PER-2. We found that 68% of infants were FCCRE, Escherichia coli (83.3%) was the most frequent bacteria. The genotypic analysis detected: oqxA (41.1%), qnrB (26.7%), aac(6')-Ib-cr (20%) and the bla CTX-M gene (93.3%) of the isolates with beta-lactamases. The high frequency of FCCRE alerts us of the potential risk of this antibiotic family becoming less useful over time.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant, Newborn , Infant , beta-Lactamases , Drug Resistance , Infant, Newborn , Quinolones , Escherichia coli , Peru , Enterobacteriaceae , Anti-Bacterial Agents
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 39(3): 254-259, jun. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407788

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Staphylococcus lugdunensis, es un estafilococo coagulasa negativa (SCN) con características de virulencia y de sensibilidad antimicrobiana que lo hacen más parecido a Staphylococcus aureus que a otros SCN. OBJETIVOS: Conocer las características clínicomicrobiológicas de los aislados de S. lugdunensis identificados en nuestra institución. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los aislados de S. lugdunensis entre los años 2017 y 2019 en el Servicio de Microbiología del Hospital Universitario San Jorge de Huesca (España). Se revisaron las historias clínicas correspondientes a los pacientes con aislamiento de S. lugdunensis, considerándose las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipo de muestra, servicio de procedencia y enfermedad de base. La identificación bacteriana se realizó con MALDI-TOF VITEK MS (BioMérieux, Francia). Así mismo, se estudió su patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro mediante microdilución en placa. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 44 aislados de S. lugdunensis: 12 procedían de heridas, 10 fueron abscesos, 8 úlceras, 7 orinas, 4 frotis cutáneos, 2 exudados óticos, y 1 exudado vaginal. En relación con la enfermedad de base destacaron cinco pacientes con procesos tumorales y diez con diabetes mellitus. En 17 pacientes existían antecedentes de cirugía o traumatismo reciente. La mayoría de las cepas fueron sensibles a los antimicrobianos estudiados. En 19 de ellas se observó producción de β-lactamasa, dos fueron resistentes a macrólidos y tres a clindamicina. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a oxacilina, gentamicina y cotrimoxazol. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque S. lugdunensis mantiene una buena sensibilidad a la mayoría de los antimicrobianos, su tendencia a producir abscesos y que exprese factores de virulencia más parecido a S. aureus que a otros SCN, hace necesaria una correcta identificación en el laboratorio con el fin de que su incidencia no quede subestimada.


BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) with virulence and antibiotic sensitivity characteristics which makes it more similar to Staphylococcus aureus than other CNS. AIM: To know the microbiological and clinical characteristics of S. lugdunensis isolates identified from our health sector. METHODS: A retrospective study of S. lugdunensis isolates was carried out between 2017 and 2019 in the Microbiology Service of the San Jorge University Hospital in Huesca (Spain). The clinical records of patients with S. lugdunensis isolation were reviewed, considering the following factors: age, sex, sample type, service and underlying disease. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF VITEK MS (BioMérieux, France). The pattern of antibiotic susceptibility was studied by means of plate microdilution. RESULTS: 44 isolates of S. lugdunensis were obtained: 12 corresponded to wounds, 10 were abscesses, 8 ulcers, 7 urine samples, 4 skin smears, 2 otic exudates, and 1 vaginal exudate. Regarding the underlying disease, five patients had a tumor processes and ten had diabetes mellitus. In 17 patients there was a history of recent surgery or trauma. Most of the strains were susceptible to the antibiotics studied. Production of beta-lactamase was observed in 19 of them, two were resistant to macrolides and three to clindamycin. None of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin, gentamicin or cotrimoxazole. CONCLUSIONS: Although S. lugdunensis maintains a good sensitivity to most antibiotics, its tendency to produce abscesses and that it expresses virulence factors more similar to S. aureus than to other CNS requires a correct identification in the laboratory so that its incidence is not underestimated.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus lugdunensis , Oxacillin , Staphylococcus aureus , beta-Lactamases , Clindamycin , Gentamicins , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination , Retrospective Studies , Coagulase , Macrolides , Virulence Factors , Abscess/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
9.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 39(3): 361-363, jun. 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407792

ABSTRACT

Resumen La aparición de Enterobacterales co-productores de dos o más carbapenemasas han despertado las alertas sanitarias en Latinoamérica. Las enterobacterias co-productoras de carbapenemasas KPC y NDM-1 son resistentes a casi todos los antibacterianos existentes. Panamá ha reportado la presencia de carbapenemasas KPC desde 2010 y NDM desde 2011; sin embargo, Enterobacterales con doble producción de carbapenemasas es un fenómeno reciente en nuestros hospitales. Presentamos los dos primeros aislados de Enterobacter cloacae complex co-productores de KPC y NDM, en un hospital de segundo nivel de la Ciudad de Panamá. El reforzamiento de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica en los hospitales permite realizar una detección oportuna de estas nuevas combinaciones de mecanismos de resistencia; para así, implementar medidas de prevención y control de brotes.


Abstract Enterobacterales co-producing carbapenemases have awakened health alerts in Latin America. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales harboring KPC and NDM-1 are resistant to almost all existing antibiotics. Panama reports KPC since 2010, and NDM since 2011, however, Enterobacterales with double carbapenemase production is new to our hospitals. We present the first two isolates of Enterobacter cloacae complex co-producing KPC and NDM, in a second level hospital in Panama City. Strengthening epidemiological surveillance systems in hospitals allows to carry out timely detection of these new combinations of resistance; to implement outbreak prevention and control measures.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Enterobacter cloacae/isolation & purification , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/diagnosis , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology , Panama/epidemiology , Bacterial Proteins , beta-Lactamases , Hospitals , Latin America , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
10.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 54(2): 120-124, jun. 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1407180

ABSTRACT

Fosfomycin tromethamol (FT) was reintroduced as an option for the treatment of low urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. In this study, we described the antibiotic sensitivity and mechanisms of resistance to fosfomycin in isolates from children older than 6 years with UTI. Urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility study were performed. In fosfomycin resistant strains, PCR for fos, blaCTX-M was performed followed by classification by phylogenetic group and sequencetyping. Escherichia coli was the most frequent etiological agent (89.2%). The susceptibility percentages were: fosfomycin 97.9%; amoxicillin-clavulanate 92.7%; cefuroxime and ceftriaxone 99%; nitrofurantoin 94.4%. An E. coli strain (ST69, phylogenetic group D) was resistant to fosfomycin (MIC 256mg/l) and carried the blaCTX-M-14 and fosA3 genes in a 45kb IncN-type plasmid.


La fosfomicina-trometamol (FT) se reintrodujo como una opción para el tratamiento de la infección del tracto urinario (ITU) baja en niños. En este estudio describimos la sensibilidad antibiótica y los mecanismos de resistencia a FT en aislamientos de niños mayores de 6 anos con ITU. Se realizaron urocultivos y estudios de sensibilidad antibiótica. En las cepas resistentes a fosfomicina se realizó la técnica de PCR para fos, blaCTX-M, y su identificación según su grupo filogenéticoy secuenciotipo. Escherichiacoli fue el agente etiológico más frecuente (89,2%). Los porcentajes de sensibilidad fueron: fosfomicina 97,9%; amoxicilina-clavulánico 92,7%; cefurox-ima y ceftriaxona 99%; nitrofurantoína 94,9%. Una cepa de E. coli (ST69, grupo filogenético D) fue resistente a fosfomicina (CIM 256mg/l) y portaba los genes blaCTX-M-14 y fosA3 en un plás-mido de 45 kb del tipo IncN. Este es el primer reporte de E. coli ST69 con blaCTX-M-14/fosA3 de origen humano.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Fosfomycin/therapeutic use , Fosfomycin/pharmacology , Phylogeny , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Escherichia coli/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
11.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 39(2): 109-116, abr. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388342

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existe un incremento de las infecciones por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos (KPRC) en la población pediátrica y los datos epidemiológicos son limitados. OBJETIVOS: Conocer la frecuencia de KPRC en pacientes pediátricos, determinar la actividad in vitro de colistina y detectar el gen mcr-1 en dichos aislados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 220 aislados de K. pneumoniae en un hospital pediátrico durante los años 2018 y 2019. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó por microdilución en caldo según CLSI y EUCAST. Los genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 y mcr-1 se analizaron mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC). RESULTADOS: El 9,5% (n: 21) de los aislados fueron caracterizados como KPRC, donde se observó una resistencia a colistina de 47,6% (10/21) con valores de CIM50 de 2 μg/mL y CIM90 de > 4 μg/mL. En todos los aislados de KPRC se caracterizó el gen blaKPC y no se detectó el gen mcr-1. El perfil de resistencia observado en otros antimicrobianos fue el siguiente: gentamicina 100% (n: 21), ciprofloxacina 100% (n: 21), cotrimoxazol 100% (n: 21) y amikacina 19% (n: 4). Se observó 100% de sensibilidad a tigeciclina y ceftazidima/avibactam. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio demuestra un valor significativo de la resistencia a colistina en comparación a ceftazidima/avibactam y tigeciclina.


BACKGROUND: There is an increase of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections in the pediatric population and epidemiological data are limited. Aim: To calculate the frequency of CRKP in pediatric patients, to determine the in vitro activity of colistin and to detect the presence of mcr-1 gene in said isolates. METHODS: 220 isolates of K. pneumoniae were studied in a pediatric hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by microdilution in broth according to guidelines of CLSI and EUCAST. The genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 and mcr-1 were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: 9.5% (n: 21) of the isolates were characterized as CRKP, where was observed a resistance to colistin of 47.6% (10/21) with values of MIC50 of 2 μg/mL and MIC90 of ≥ 4 μg/mL. In 100% of CRKP strains the blaKPC gene was detected and the mcr-1 gene was not found. The resistance profile to other antimicrobials was as follow: gentamicin 100% (n: 21), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 100% (n: 21), ciprofloxacin 100% (n: 21), amikacin 19% (n: 4). All of the isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime/avibactam and tigecycline. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant value of resistance to colistin in pediatric patients compared to other last line antimicrobial such as ceftazidime/avibactam and tigecycline.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae , Argentina , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Ceftazidime , Colistin/pharmacology , Tigecycline , Hospitals, Pediatric , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
12.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 39(1): 20-28, feb. 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388328

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de microorganismos multirresistentes es un problema de salud pública que continúa creciendo a lo largo del mundo. Existe una población principalmente susceptible de ser colonizada y posteriormente infectarse, son los pacientes oncológicos. OBJETIVO: Identificar las características clínicas y patológicas de los pacientes oncológicos y su relación con la infección con microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se condujo un estudio retrospectivo y de carácter analítico entre el primero de enero de 2019 y el 30 de junio de 2020 en tres unidades hemato-oncológicas. RESULTADOS: Incluyó a 3.315 pacientes, de los cuales 217 (6,5%) se encontraban colonizados por microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC; de éstos, 106/217 (48,8%) presentaron al menos un episodio de infección. El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado fue Klebsiella pneumoniae, en 29/106 (27,4%). De los infectados, 18/106 (17%) presentaron infección por el mismo microorganismo colonizador. La mucositis (p = 0,002), edad mayor a 65 años (p = 0,041), hipoalbuminemia (p < 0,01), neutropenia (p < 0,01) y la presencia dispositivos invasivos (p < 0,01) demostraron una relación con el desarrollo de infección. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de hipoalbuminemia (OR 3,3, IC 1,5-7,1, p < 0,01), dispositivos invasivos (OR 5,8, IC 3.0-11,4, p < 0,01) y neutropenia (OR 4,1, IC 1,5-11,4, p < 0,01) predicen el desarrollo de infecciones.


BACKGROUND: The prevalence of multi-resistant microorganisms is a public health problem that continues to grow globally. There is a population that is mainly susceptible to being colonized and subsequently infected, and these are cancer patients. AIM: To identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of cancer patients and their relationship with infection with ESBL and CPE producing microorganisms. METHODS: A retrospective and analytical study was conducted between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020 in three hematooncological units. RESULTS: We included 3315 patients of which 217 (6.5%) were colonized by microorganisms producing ESBL and CPE. Of these, 106/217 (48.8%) had at least one episode of infection. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae 29/106 (27.4%). Of those infected, 18/106 (17%) presented infection by the same colonizing microorganism. Mucositis (p = 0.002), age over 65 years (p = 0.041), hypoalbuminemia (p < 0.01), neutropenia (p < 0.01) and the presence of invasive devices (p < 0.01) demonstrated a relationship with development of infection. The presence of hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.3, CI 1.5-7.1, P < 0.01), invasive devices (OR 5.8, CI 3.0-11.4, p < 0.01) and neutropenia (OR 4.1, CI 1.5-11.4, p < 0.01) predict the development of infections.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Hypoalbuminemia/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology , Neoplasms/complications , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neutropenia/drug therapy , beta-Lactamases , Carbapenems/therapeutic use , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Retrospective Studies , Enterobacteriaceae , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
13.
Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. (Online) ; 59: e191724, fev. 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1380213

ABSTRACT

Due to the strong selective pressure resulting from the misuse of antibiotics, the natural process of bacterial resistance has been accelerated, leading to the increasingly constant appearance of multiresistant isolates. The high number of multi-resistant bacteria is a one health problem. Enterobacteriaceae are usually commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. However, they can cause infections, and the most important resistance characteristic among them is the production of ß-lactamases. This study aimed to identify ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae of types of TEM, SHV, and the CTX-Mgroups. To isolate the enterobacteria, swabs were collected by swiping objects that had contact with the patients and professionals, and the water of the hospital environment. Ten collections were carried out, yielding 306 samples, from which 118 enterobacteria were identified: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Serratiaspp., and Citrobacter spp. Isolates. The genes TEM and CTX-M, for the production of ß-lactamases, were detected in 12.7% of the 118 enterobacterial isolates. It is very important to know the bacterial population circulating in the veterinary hospital environment and its resistance to antimicrobials so that professionals can take appropriate measures to minimize the risks of transmission, especially from cages and consultation tables. In addition, the correct control of the microbiological quality of the supply water, as well as environmental cleaning procedures, are essential to prevent the transmission of these microorganisms.(AU)


Devido à grande pressão seletiva decorrente do uso indevido de antibióticos, tem se acelerado o processo natural de resistência das bactérias, levando ao aparecimento cada vez mais constante de isolados multirresistentes. O elevado número de bactérias multirresistentes identificadas é um problema da saúde única. As enterobactérias são bactérias geralmente comensais do trato gastrointestinal, entretanto podem causar infecções, e a característica de resistência mais importante entre elas é a produção de ß-lactamases. Buscando caracterizar melhor os microrganismos circulantes e potencialmente causadores de infecções em ambiente hospitalar veterinário, este estudo objetivou identificar as enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL do tipo TEM, SHV e os cinco grupos de CTX-M presentes em isolados circulantes em hospital veterinário. Foi realizada coleta de suabes de arrasto de objetos que entram em contato com os pacientes e com os profissionais que ali trabalham, bem como de água, para a identificação das enterobactérias. Foram realizadas 10 coletas, obtendo-se 306 amostras, dessas, 118 enterobactérias foram identificadas: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia e Citrobacter. Dentre as enterobactérias identificadas, alguns isolados possuíam genes para a produção de ß-lactamases, do tipo TEM e CTX-M. É de grande importância conhecer a população bacteriana circulante no ambiente hospitalar veterinário, e a sua resistência aos antimicrobianos, para que os profissionais possam tomar medidas apropriadas para minimizar os riscos de transmissão, principalmente a partir de gaiolas e mesas de atendimento. Além disso, o correto controle da qualidade microbiológica da água de abastecimento, bem como dos procedimentos de higienização do ambiente, são fundamentais para evitar a transmissão destes microrganismos.(AU)


Subject(s)
beta-Lactamases/biosynthesis , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/physiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/diagnosis , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Hospitals, Animal
14.
Montevideo; s.n; 2022. 174 p. tab.
Thesis in Spanish | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1438097

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo se asocian con alta morbi- mortalidad, siendo frecuentemente causadas por enterobacterias, y cuando éstas producen ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEEs), la morbi-mortalidad, duración internación y costos sanitarios son aún mayores. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los episodios de bacteriemia por enterobacterias en el Hospital Universitario en un período de 2 años. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional, analítico, casos controles (1:1), con recolección de datos retrospectiva. Población: pacientes ≥18 años atendidos en el Hospital Universitario en período 01/01/2014 - 30/11/2015, con hemocultivo positivo por enterobacteria. Recolección datos clínicos-epidemiológicos: revisión registros médicos. Estudio microbiológico: Identificación y susceptibilidad - equipo automatizado Vitek® 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Sensibilidad a fosfomicina: disco-difusión (E. coli) y dilución en agar (resto de las enterobacterias). Ceftazidime-avibactam: disco-difusión. Aislamientos BLEE+ según Vitek: confirmación y caracterización de BLEE: reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciación. Investigación mecanismos transferibles de resistencia a quinolonas (TMQR) qnrB y aac(6')-Ib-cr: PCR. Caracterización molecular enterobacterias BLEE más prevalentes: MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) y Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Análisis casos y controles: I)Factores de riesgo bacteriemia BLEE: Casos - pacientes con bacteriemia por enterobacteria BLEE(+). Controles - pacientes con bacteriemia por enterobacteria BLEE (-) sensible a cefalosporinas tercera generación. II) Factores de riesgo mortalidad intrahospitalaria: Casos - pacientes con mortalidad hospitalaria por cualquier causa. Controles ­ pacientes egresados vivos. Análisis estadístico: paquete estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Análisis casos y controles: cálculo de odd ratios (OR) e intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Variables con p ≤0.05 en análisis univariado incluídas en análisis multivariado (regresión logística). Proyecto aprobado por Comité Ética del Hospital de Clínicas y financiado por ANII (FMV_3_2016_1_126580, Fondo María Viña ­ 2016). RESULTADOS: Principales resultados microbiológicos: 174 episodios de bacteriemia y 178 enterobacterias recuperadas, con confirmación molecular de producción BLEE en 41 enterobacterias (23%): 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 Escherichia coli, 2 Serratia marcescens, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Citrobacter freundii y 1 Morganella morganii. E. coli enterobacteria más recuperada (n=69), pero K. pneumoniae la enterobacteria BLEE más prevalente (56 aislamientos y 29/56 BLEE+), seguida de E. coli (7/69). Distribución de las enterobacterias BLEE+ según enzima detectada: CTX- M-15: 32 aislamientos, CTX-M-15 + CTX- M-14: 3 aislamientos, CTX-M-2: 3, CTX-M-8: 2, SHV-5: 1. Susceptibilidad enterobacterias BLEE: meropenem 100%, ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, fosfomicina 100%, imipenem 98%, ertapenem 97,6%, colistin 92,7%, amikacina 85,4%, gentamicina 36,6%, tigeciclina 29,3%, piperacilina-tazobactam 26,8%, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol 19,5%, ciprofloxacina 12,2%. Detección de mecansimos transferibles de resistencia a quinolonas (TMQR) en 33/41 aislamientos (80,5%): aac(6')-Ib-cr: 22 aislamientos, qnrB: 2 aislamientos, y aac(6')-Ib-cr + qnrB: 9 aislamientos. Detección de secuenciotipos "exitosos" en principales enterobacterias BLEE: E. coli ST 73 (1), ST 95(1) y ST 38 (2) y ST 258 en K. pneumoniae (12/29=41,4%). También detección ST 258 en un aislamiento de K. pneumoniae BLEE (-). Principales resultados clínicos ­ epidemiológicos: Se revisaron 98 registros médicos; 60 bacteriemias nosocomiales, 29 comunitarias, 8 asociadas a los cuidados de la salud, 1 sin dato. 41 BLEE(+) y 57 BLEE(-). 80 pacientes vivos al egreso, 17 fallecidos y 1 sin dato. Factores de riesgo bacteriemia BLEE(+) (análisis multivariado) : presencia de dispositivo médico a permanencia previo (p 0,001, OR 55,2, IC 95%5,5-553) ) y bacteriemia no comunitaria (p 0,008 OR 17,4 IC95% 2,1-143). Factores de riesgo mortalidad intrahospitalaria (análisis multivariado): enfermedad hematooncológica o neoplásica (OR 4,687 IC95% 1,207-18,200) y score qPitt ≥2 (OR 10,332 IC95% 2,639-40,442). Antibioticoterapia empírica activa in vitro para la bacteriemia: 10/29(34,5%) en pacientes BLEE(+) y 36/40 BLEE(-) (90%). Se encontró asociación entre bacteriemia BLEE + y recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva (p<0,0001) ; siendo el riesgo de recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva 17 veces mayor en bacteriemias BLEE(+) respecto a BLEE(-). Se encontró que la mediana de la duración de la hospitalización a partir del episodio de bacteriemia es más prolongada en casos BLEE+ que en los controles BLEE- (22,5 versus 14 días, p=0,006). CONCLUSIONES: Enterobacteria BLEE más prevalente K. pneumoniae, y dentro de ella alta prevalencia del clon exitoso de alto riesgo ST 258. Predominio de CTX-M-15, y alta prevalencia (> 80%) de TMQR en aislamientos BLEE. Presencia de BLEE aumenta significativamente el riesgo de recibir antibioticoterapia empírica inactiva. Necesidad de mantener vigilancia de perfiles de susceptibilidad y clones circulantes y considerar posibles factores de riesgo al momento se seleccionar antibioticoterapia empírica.


BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality, being frequently caused by Enterobacteriaceae, and when they produce extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL), morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs are even higher. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia episodes at the "Hospital de Clínicas", in a 2 years period. METHODS: Observational, analytical study, case-controls (1: 1), with retrospective data collection. Population: ≥18 years old patients attended at the "Hospital de Clínicas" between 01/01/2014 and 11/30/2015, with Enterobacteriaceae recovered from blood culture. Collection of clinical-epidemiological data: review of medical records. Microbiological study: identification and susceptibility: automated system Vitek® 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Susceptibility to fosfomycin: disc-diffusion (E. coli) and agar dilution (others Enterobacterales). Ceftazidime-avibactam: disc-diffusion. ESBL (+) isolates according to Vitek: ESBL confirmation and characterization by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Investigation of transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) qnrB and aac (6 ')- Ib-cr: PCR. Molecular characterization of the most prevalent ESBL enterobacterales: MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Case-control analysis: I) ESBL bacteremia risk factors: Cases - patients with bacteremia by an ESBL-producing enterobacteria. Controls - patients with third generation cephalosporin susceptible enterobacteria, not ESBL-producing. II) In-hospital mortality risk factors: Cases - patients with in-hospital mortality from any cause. Controls - patients discharged alive. Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS Statistics 23 statistical package. Case-control analysis: calculation of odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Variables with p ≤0.05 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis (logistic regression). Project approved by the Hospital de Clinicas Ethics Committee and financed by ANII (FMV_3_2016_1_126580, María Viña Fund - 2016). RESULTS: Main microbiological results: 174 bacteremia episodes and 178 enterobacterales recovered. ESBL production confirmated in 41 isolates (23%): 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 Escherichia coli, 2 Serratia marcescens, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Citrobacter freundii y 1 Morganella morganii.E. coli was the most recovered enterobacteria (n = 69), but K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent ESBL producing specie (56 isolates and 29/56 ESBL +), followed by E. coli (7/69). Distribution of ESBL producing enterobacterales according to enzyme detected: CTX- M-15: 32 isolates, CTX-M-15 + CTX-M-14: 3 isoaltes, CTX-M-2: 3, CTX-M-8: 2, SHV-5: 1. Antibiotic susceptibility in ESBL producers: meropenem 100%, ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, fosfomycin 100%, imipenem 98%, ertapenem 97,6%, colistin 92,7%, amikacin 85,4%, gentamicin 36,6%, tigecycline 29,3%, piperacillin-tazobactam 26,8%, trimethroprim sulfamethoxazole 19,5%, ciprofloxacin 12,2%. Detection of TMQR in 33/41 isolates (80.5%): aac(6')-Ib-cr: 22 isolates, qnrB: 2 isolates, and aac(6')Ib-cr + qnrb: 9 isolates. We detected "successful" sequence types within E. coli ESBL producing: ST 73 (1 isolate), ST 95 (1) and ST 38 (2) and a high prevalence of ST 258 among K. pneumoniae isolates (12/29 = 41.4%). ST 258 was also detected in one ESBL(-) K. pneumoniae isolate. Main clinical-epidemiological results: 98 medical records were reviewed; 60 bacteremia episodes were classified as nosomial, 29 as community acquired, 8 health care associated, and for one episode, data was insufficient for its classification. 41 were ESBL(+) and 57 ESBL(-). 80 patients alive at discharge, 17 deceased and 1 without data. Risk factors for ESBL bacteremia according to multivariate analysis were: use of medical device prior to hospitalization (OR = 50.226, 95% CI 4.367 - 577.721) and non-community bacteremia (OR 12.052, 95% CI 1.350-107.605). In-hospital mortality risk factors (multivariate analysis): hemato-oncological or neoplasic disease (OR 4,687 95% CI 1,207-18,200) and qPitt score ≥2 (OR 10,332 95% CI 2,639-40,442). The empirical antibiotic therapy was active according to the susceptibility test in 10/29 (34,5%) patients with ESBL (+) bacteremia and in 36/40 patients with ESBL (-) (90%). Presence of ESBL was found to be associated with inactive empirical antibiotic therapy (p<0.0001), and risk for receiving inactive empirical antibiotic therapy was 17 times higher in ESBL (+) compared to ESBL (-). The mean length of hospital stay after the onset of bacteraemia was longer in the cases of ESBL producers than in the cases of non-ESBL producers ( 22,5 vs. 14 days; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent ESBL producing specie, and within it we found a high prevalence of the successful high-risk clone ST258. CTX-M-15 was the main ESBL detected and we found high prevalence (80%) of TMQR among ESBL(+). Presence of ESBL significantly increases the risk of receiving inactive empirical antibiotic therapy. Need to maintain surveillance of susceptibility profiles and circulating clones and to take into account possible risk factors when selecting empirical antibiotic therapy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Bacterial Infections , beta-Lactamases , Public Health , Enterobacteriaceae Infections
15.
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology ; : 432-436, 2022.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-979374

ABSTRACT

Aims@#This study was aimed to identify the risk factors for the acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae on non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) patients in a tertiary care hospital in Indonesia.@*Methodology and results@#A case-control study was performed between March 31, 2018, and August 31, 2019. Twenty-eight ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates and 28 susceptible strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae obtained from NV-HAP patients were included in this study. Phenotypic screening for ESBL production was performed by the Vitek2 system and subsequently confirmed by double-disk synergy tests. The use of 3rd generation cephalosporin as initial antibiotic therapy for more than three days was the significant risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae among NV-HAP patients (odds ratio [OR] 41.827; p=0.001). The length of stay of patients with NV-HAP acquiring the ESBL strains was longer than 10 days (OR 17.334; p=0.001).@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The use of 3rd generation cephalosporin as the initial antibiotic for NV-HAP should be restricted to prevent the emergence of ESBL-producing strains. Infection prevention measures are required to control the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in NV-HAP patients.


Subject(s)
beta-Lactamases , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Cross Infection , Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia , Tertiary Care Centers
16.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 38(5): 720-723, oct. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388291

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: En las últimas décadas, se ha incrementado la prevalencia de infecciones por bacilos gramnegativos resistentes a carbapenémicos. OBJETIVO: Determinar los tipos y la frecuencia de las distintas carbapenemasas en aislados de Klebsiella spp. y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, en seis hospitales de alta complejidad de Bogotá-Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo en seis hospitales de la ciudad de Bogotá, en el período de enero de 2017 a agosto de 2018. Se realizaron RPC para genes de KPC, GES, VIM, NDM, IMP y OXA-48 en cepas de Klebsiella spp y P aeruginosa resistentes a carbapenémicos. RESULTADOS: 52 aislados de P aeruginosa amplificaron para una carbapenemasa, de los cuales 39 (75%) fueron positivos para KPC, 11 (21%) para VIM y 2 co-producciones de KPC y VIM. En cuanto a Klebsiella spp., 165 cepas amplificaron al menos para una carbapenemasa, 98% expresaron KPC y 4 aislados tuvieron co-producciones de metalo-beta-lactamasas y KPC. DISCUSIÓN: Este estudio aporta información valiosa, como el incremento de producción de KPC en P. aeruginosa y la co-producción de KPC y metalo-beta-lactamasas, locual tiene una implicancia tanto en la selección del tratamiento, las medidas de aislamiento de contacto y el pronóstico de los pacientes.


BACKGROUND: In the last decades, the prevalence of infections by carbapenem resistant gram-negative bacilli has been increased. OBJECTIVE: To determine types and frequency of the different carbapenemases in Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in six hospitals in Bogotá-Colombia. METHODS: Descriptive and observational study, in six hospitals in the city of Bogotá, in the period ftom January 2017 to August 2018. PCR were performed for KPC, GES, VIM, NDM, IMP and OXA-48 genes, in carbapenem resistant Klebsiella spp. and P aeruginosa. RESULTS: 52 P aeruginosa isolates amplified a carbapenemase gene, of which 39 (75%) were positive for KPC, 11 (21%) for VIM and two co-productions of KPC and VIM. Regarding Klebsiella spp. 165 strains amplified at least one carbapenemase gene, 98% expressed KPC and four isolates had co-productions of metallo-P-lactamases and KPC. DISCUSSION: This study provides valuable information, such as the increased production of KPC in P. aeruginosa información valiosa, como el incremento de producción de KPC en P. aeruginosa and the co-production of KPC plus metallobetalactamases, which has an implication both in treatment selection, isolation precautions and patient prognosisy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics , Klebsiella , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Colombia/epidemiology , Hospitals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
17.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 38(5): 724-726, oct. 2021. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388293

ABSTRACT

Resumen Las enzimas VIM, IMP, y NDM son carbapenemasas de tipo metalo-beta-lactamasas (MBLs) que se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en el mundo. La SPM-1 (Sao Paulo metalo-beta-lactamasa) es una MBL que fue descrita en Pseudomonas aeruginosa en Sao Paulo (Brasil) en 2002. Comunicamos por primera vez la presencia de SPM-1 en Chile, en un aislado de P aeruginosa resistente a meropenem e imipenem, detectado en un cultivo rectal de vigilancia de carbapenemasas desde un paciente internado en nuestra institución. La secuencia del producto de la RPC fue 100% idéntica a la secuencia de SPM-1 reportada en Brasil. El paciente tenía antecedentes de una angioplastía realizada en Brasil en 2004-2005. Como consecuencia de este hallazgo, la detección de SPM mediante RPC será incorporada a la búsqueda de rutina de carbapenemasas en P aeruginosa.


Abstract VIM, IMP, and NDM carbapenemases are metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) that are widely distributed throughout the world. SPM-1 (Sao Paulo metallo-beta-lactamase) is an MBL that was described in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Sao Paulo (Brazil) in 2002. We report for the first time the presence of SPM-1 in Chile, in an isolate of P aeruginosa resistant to meropenem and imipenem, detected in a carbapenemase surveillance rectal swab culture, in a patient admitted to our institution. The sequence of the PCR product was 100% identical to the sequence of SPM-1 reported in Brazil. The patient had a history of an angioplasty performed in Brazil in 2004-2005. As a consequence of this finding, the detection of SPM by PCR will be incorporated into the routine screening for carbapenemases in P aeruginosa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas Infections , beta-Lactamases , Brazil , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Chile , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
18.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 38(5): 597-604, oct. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388305

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: La restricción programada (RP) de antimicrobianos puede disminuir selectivamente la tasa de infecciones por determinados microorganismos. En este sentido, los bacilos gramnegativos productores de beta-lactamasas AmpC (BGN-blaAmpC) son seleccionados por el sobreuso de cefalosporinas de tercera generación (C3G). Estas bacterias, también adquieren genes y co-producen otras beta-lactamasas, como las de Nueva Delhi (BGN-blaNDM). OBJETIVOS: Disminuir la tasa de aislamiento de BGN-blaAmpC y BGN-blaNDM en cultivos de pacientes de la UCI luego de una RP de C3G en el marco de un brote nosocomial por estos microrganismos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cuasi-experimental, previo (P1= 12 meses) y posterior (P2= 12 meses) a una RP de C3G en un hospital de adultos, donde, en el contexto de brote mencionado, se aplicaron medidas de control de infecciones generales. El uso de antimicrobianos se expresó como "porcentaje de los días de tratamiento (%DDT)"/100 camas ocupadas al día (100-COD). Se compararon las tasas de aislamiento de BGN-blaAmpC y BGN-blaNDM en hemocultivos (HC), mini-lavados bronquio-alveolares (mB) y urocultivos (UC) en la UCI. RESULTADOS: En P2 el consumo de C3G fue 2,5% DDT/100-COD. Hubo un descenso en los aislamientos de BGN-blaAmpC en HC (RR 0,48 [0,2-0,9] p < 0,02) y mB (RR 0,52 [0,3-0,9] p < 0,02), así como también de BGN-blaNDM en HC (RR 8,1 [1,6-39,4] p < 0,00). Conclusiones: La RP de C3G se asoció con la reducción de los BGN-blaAmpC y BGN-blaNDM en HC, así como de los BGN-blaAmpC mB.


BACKGROUND: Programmed restriction (PR) of antimicrobials can selectively decrease the rate of infections by certain microorganisms. In this sense, AmpC beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli (GNB-blaAmpC) are selected for the overuse of third generation cephalosporins (3GC). These bacteria also acquire genes and co-produce other β-lactamases, such as New Delhi ones (GNB-blaNDM). AIM: To decrease the isolation rate of GNB- blaAmpC and GNB- blaNDM in cultures from ICU patients after a PR of 3GC. METHODS: Quasi-experimental study, before (P1= 12 months) and after (P2= 12 months) a PR of 3GC in an adults' hospital. The use of antibiotics was expressed as "percentage days of treatment (%DOT)" /100 beds occupied per day (100-BOD). The rates of GNB-blaAmpC and GNB-blaNDM were compared in blood cultures (BC), mini-bronchio alveolar lavages (mB) and urine cultures (UC) in the ICU. RESULTS: In P2, 3GC consumption was 2.5% DOT/100-COD. There was a decrease in GNB-blaAmpC from BC (RR 0.48 [0.2-0.9] p < 0.02) and mB (RR 0.52 [0.3-0.9] p < 0.02), as well as of GNB-blaNDM from BC (RR 8.1 [1.6-39.4] p < 0.00). Conclusions: PR of 3GC was linked to the reduction of GNB-blaAmpC and GNB-blaNDM in BC, as well as GNB-blaAmpC in mB from ICU patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Bacterial Proteins , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Disease Outbreaks , Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
19.
urol. colomb. (Bogotá. En línea) ; 30(3): 165-170, 15/09/2021. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1369416

ABSTRACT

La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es una de las principales complicaciones postrasplante renal, los datos a nivel nacional en ese grupo poblacional son limitados. Objetivos caracterizar la microbiología de las ITU presentadas en receptores de trasplante renal (TxR) en un centro colombiano durante el periodo 2017­2019, los factores relacionados con la resistencia antimicrobiana y el impacto de la ITU en la función del injerto renal. Métodos estudio de corte transversal ejecutado mediante el análisis de la base de datos de ingresos hospitalarios por urgencias de pacientes receptores de TxR con sospecha clínica de ITU en una institución de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia. El análisis de datos se ejecutó en STATA 13.0. Resultados La ITU causó 12,69% de visitas a urgencias en pacientes trasplantados. Los microorganismos aislados fueron: Escherichia coli 52,22%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 16,67%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4,44%, Salmonella spp 4,44%, Proteus mirabilis 3,33%, Serratia marcescens 2,22%, Klebsiella oxytoca 2,22%, Citrobacter koseri 1,11%, Enterobacter cloacae 1,11%, otros 2,22%; El urocultivo fue negativo en 10% de los casos. El 28,39% (n:23) de gérmenes aislados fue multisensible mientras que el 71,60% (n:58) expresó algún tipo de patrón de resistencia distribuido así: 68,96% productor de betalactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE), 15,52% productor de carbapenemasas, 12,06% productor de betalactamasa tipo IRT, 3,45% fue catalogado como multirresistente. 17,78% de los pacientes presentó criterios de urosepsis, no se registró ningún caso de mortalidad asociada a la ITU. La creatinina sérica tuvo un incremento promedio de 0,46 mg/dl durante el episodio de ITU (p: <0,0001) y el antecedente de diabetes mellitus se relacionó con la ITU causada por gérmenes resistentes (p: 0,008). Conclusiones La ITU es una causa frecuente de atención en urgencias para pacientes receptores de TxR; la Escherichia coli es el microorganismo causal más frecuente y cerca del 70% de los gérmenes aislados presentó algún patrón de resistencia antimicrobiana.


Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common complications after kidney transplantation (KTx). This study aims to characterize the microbiology of UTIs presented in KTx recipients in a Colombian tertiary center during the period 2017­2019, factors related with antimicrobial resistance and the impact of UTI on kidney graft function. Methods A cross-sectional retrospective single center study were made through the institutional database analysis of hospital admissions to the emergency room of KTx recipients with clinical suspicion of UTI. Data analysis was run on STATA 13.0. Results UTI caused 12.69% of visits to the emergency room in transplant patients during the study period. The isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli 52.22%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 16.67%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4.44%, Salmonella spp 4.44%, Proteus mirabilis 3.33%, Serratia marcescens 2.22%, Klebsiella oxytoca 2.22%, Citrobacter koseroi 1.11%, others 2.22%; Urine culture was negative in 10% of cases. 28.39% (n: 23) of isolated germs were multisensitive while 71.60% (n: 58) expressed some type of resistance pattern distributed as follows: 68.96% extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 15.52% carbapenemases producers, 12.06% IRT-type beta-lactamase producers, 3.45% was classified as multi-resistant. 17.78% of patients presented criteria for urosepsis, there was no cases of mortality due to UTI. Serum creatinine had an average increase of 0.46 mg/dl during the UTI episode (p: <0.0001) and a history of diabetes mellitus was related with UTI caused by resistant germs (p: 0.008). Conclusion UTI is a frequent cause of emergency care for KTx recipients. E. coli is the most common causative microorganism and about 70% of isolated germs showed some pattern of antimicrobial resistance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Urinary Tract Infections , beta-Lactamases , Kidney Transplantation , Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella , Serratia marcescens , Colombia , Emergency Medical Services , Kidney
20.
Infectio ; 25(2): 84-88, abr.-jun. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1250072

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Klebsiella pneumoniae produce enzimas como Betalactamasas de Espectro Extendido (BLEE) y Carbapenemasas. Estas enzimas tienen implicancia en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), porque posibilitan la supervivencia de especies bacterianas a condiciones desfavorables y por ende, facilitan su permanencia en ambiente intrahospitalario. Existe evidencia de presencia de Klebsiella pneumoniae en UCI, en muestras procedentes de: pacientes, personal de salud, habitación, lavamanos y fórmulas nutricionales. Objetivo: Evaluar el perfil de resistencia de los aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae en una UCI de Paraguay. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional, transversal. Se recolectaron 200 muestras (124 fórmulas enterales, 40 ambiente y 36 pacientes). Variables analizadas: origen de muestra, presencia del germen, producción de enzimas y perfil de resistencia. Resultados: Se aisló Klebsiella pneumoniae en 14% de las muestras. Se identificó al germen en: 25% pacientes, 12,9% fórmulas enterales y 7,5% ambiente. Se observó producción de BLEE en 85,7% de las cepas, con perfiles de resistencia idénticos, y producción de carbapenemasas en 14,3% de las cepas, con perfiles de resistencia diferentes. Conclusión: la presencia y los perfiles de resistencia de Klebsiella pneumoniae en las tres clases de muestras estudiadas, sugieren transferencia de genes de resistencia y diseminación del germen en UCI.


Abstract Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae produces enzymes such as Extended Spectrum Betalactamases (ESBL) and Carbapenemases. These enzymes have implica tions in Intensive Care Units (ICU), because they enable the survival of bacterial species under unfavorable conditions and, therefore, facilitate their permanence in the hospital environment. There is evidence of the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the ICU, in samples from: patients, health staff, room, sink, and nutri tional formulas. Objective: To evaluate the resistance profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in an ICU in Paraguay. Material and methods: descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study. 200 samples were collected (124 enteral formulas, 40 ambient and 36 patients). Variables analyzed: sample origin, presence of the germ, enzyme production and resistance profile. Results: Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 14% of the samples. The germ was identified in: 25% patients, 12.9% enteral formulas and 7.5% environment. Pro duction of ESBL was observed in 85.7% of the strains, with identical resistance profiles, and production of carbapenemases in 14.3% of the strains, with different resistance profiles. Conclusion: the presence and resistance profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the three classes of samples studied, suggest transfer of resistance genes and disse mination of the germ in ICU.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , beta-Lactamases , Intensive Care Units , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Paraguay , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Bacteremia
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